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Minggu, 23 Agustus 2009

“Ahmadiyah” A Problematical Case of History in Indonesia

“Ahmadiyah”
A Problematical Case of History in Indonesia
Preface
Centuries ago Indonesian society was known as Religious society. Even in 9 CE, when Europe society still lives in undeveloped society and not yet reached high civilization, Kingdoms in Indonesia was popular as center of Buddhism and Hinduism Studies. Many Hinduism Kingdoms was established in Nusantara and make a big Hinduism influence to their society (Nusantara).
In 15 CE, Islam was entered to “Indonesia” by trader from Gujarat, India and Arabia, China etc. At the time a many Indonesian (Nusantara) people become Muslim, slowly and then spread quickly. Even some Islamic kingdoms were established in Sumatra, Aceh, Java, Sulawesi, etc. When Europe came to Indonesia, a large number of Societies in Indonesia was become Muslim, and “Indonesia” (Nusantara) was become popular as one of Biggest Muslim country in the world.
80 years ago, although still in Dutch expanding, Islamic modernization was touching Muslim Indonesia. Indonesian Muslim Scholars was get influence from other country which becomes sources of modernization like Egypt, India, and Iran, etc. They read their Modern thought and some scholar was studying directly. This influence was become spread and explosively and then It’s become Indonesia as independent Country. Modernization not only from Islamic world but also from Western Thought was become factor in this Independent.
At that time, much of new movement organizations were raised in Indonesia. By different spirit, they established a different organization, like; Young movement, Nationalism Movement, education movement, and Religions movement, etc. Islamic movement especially becomes a new power to get independently of Indonesia. Some of Islamic organization was established by some different scholar, like Sarekat Dagang Islam (become Sarekat Islam), Muhammadiyah, Nahdzotul ‘Ulama, Persis, Ahmadiyah, etc. Some of them was received by Muslim Society and become a big organization but others have a seriously problems. In this case, “Ahmadiyah” as a one of Religion Organization in Indonesia was getting unusual healing. They as different Muslim society in Indonesia was intimidate by others, even by force. Although some of dialogue was carried out between they and other scholars’ organization. Contrast with Muhamadiyah and NU which warmly welcoming by Government (After Independently) and supported them, Ahmadiyah in other hand was intimidated and even stamps by out from Islam.
This treatment happens not without reason. A “false” can rise from Ahmadiyah itself or from others (like a government and Society who perceive negatively). However, inflexibility treatment cannot be received and justified.
Therefore, because those problematical cases of Ahmadiyah, our paper will try to studies and approaches Ahmadiyah, by observe their history and development in Indonesia. How they live and spread their influence? Their community and how they live with others society? And in here we will just give some thought of Ahmadiyah doctrine to make more clearly their problem. For particularly and important firstly is we must distinguish Ahmadiyah Qadiyan and Ahmadiyah Lahore, how they live and spread their influence. However, in goal this paper is making clear problems and found how must us behaving to others and have a global ethic which more inclusively.

A. Two Faction of Ahmadiyah.
After founder of Ahmadiyah pass away (26 May 1908), Movement of Ahmadiyah led by Shadr Anjuman Ahmadiyah led by Maulvi Hakim Nuruddin. After he passes away on 13 March 1914, Shadr Anjuman Ahmadiyah led by Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad, Son of founder of Movement of Ahmadiyah. A few moments after he is chosen, arise elementary and important different idea. Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad have a notion that: (1) Still that Mau'Ud really Prophet, (2) that he is Ahmad which is forecasted in Holy Qur'An 61:6, and ( 3) everybody Muslim which do not beat to it, even if do not hear the name of him, its law exit and infidel remain to from Islam ( Ainai Sadaqat, matter. 35). According to Basyruddin Mahmud Ahmad, Holy Prophet Muhammad Saw is not last Prophet. Though H.M. Ghulam Ahmad teach that Holy Prophet Muhammad Saw is last Prophet, after him there is no Prophet again, old Prophet goodness and or new Prophet ( Ayyamus-Shulh, hlm.74).
View of Basyuruddin Mahmud Ahmad which oppose against the Imam Zaman teaching which cause the happening of dissolution in Ahmadiyah. They who agree to opinion which digressing from teaching Founder of the Ahmadiyah merged into Jemaat Ahmadiyah, known as Ahmadiyah Qadian, because its center in Qadian, India, but after Pakistan and India independence to move to Rabwah, Pakistan which later his Caliph 1984 reside in English. Leader of Ahmadiyah jemaat referred as Caliph. Wholly Khalifatul-Masih
While them which do not agree to opinion of Founder of Ahmadiyah, merged into Ahmadiyah Anjuman Isya'Ati Islam which centering in Lahore and known as Ahmadiyah Lahore which is on that moment is led by Maulana Muhammad Ali, M.A., LL.B., Late secretary of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Its Leader referred by Amir (President). According to Ahmadiyah Lahore, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is not Prophet, he is a Mujaddid. Ahmad, in Holy Book 61:6 is Holy Prophet of Muhammad Saw. And Muslim which does not beat to Ahmadiyah is not infidel.

B. Admission of Ahmadiyah to Indonesia
Though in smaller scope Ahmadiyah it is possible that have been recognized, but most Muslim Indonesia still has limited knowledge about Ahmadiyah. This indicated when generally Muslim was ignorance that Ahmadiyah expand in two teaching group and movement, namely Ahmadiyah Qadiyan and Ahmadiyah Lahore. As an organization, group of Qadiyan was represented by Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) which centering in Kemang, Parung. While group of Lahore represented by Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia (GAI), which centering in Baciro, Yogyakarta.
Ahmadiyah influence generally was spread in Indonesia by educational aspect. We can observe that a thought ahmadiyah first time was gotten by intellectual person or figure, even an organization. For example, in West Sumatra, at the time, this place was become centre of education for Indonesian society, such school was founded as; INS Kayutanam by Muhammad Syafi’I, Sumatra Tawalib by H Rasul (HAMKA Father’s), etc. Sumatra Tawalib especially was received Ahmadiyah thought from their student. Similarly case is Yogjakarta, as we know, this place also become one of centre not only education centre but also as politic and economic movement. Muhammadiyah, one of organization with modernism spirit was opened with foreign thougt like Ahmadiyah.

B.1 Ahmadiyah Lahore
In Indonesia, the idea of Ahmadiyah, especially Ahmadiyah Lahore, in fact has been recognized since 1918 passing rising “Islamic Review” Malay edition. But directly that teaching just introduced around 1920 passing a figure Maulana Khawaja Kamal-Ud-Din in Surabaya. At 28 November 1920, he was given opportunity by Gathering of “Taswirul Afkar” to address in event commemoration of Maulid Prophet in Mosque of Ampel Surabaya. And at 1921, he also has time to be invited to give discourse in Gambir Park (nowadays Jakarta). Other figure of Ahmadiyah Lahore which propagates Ahmadiyah to Indonesia is Mirza Wali Ahmad Baig and Maulana Ahmad around year 1924. They are spread ahmadiyah to many region, such as; Yogyakarta, Wonosobo, Purbolinggo, and Jakarta, until year 1936.
Thought of Ahmadiyah Lahore get greeting among Muhammadiyah, for example Djojosugito and Muhammad Husni. Besides both, also there are name of like Soedewo, Muhammad Kusban, Sunarto, Usman, Muhammad Irsyad, Mufti Syarif, etc. They found a Broderchap, with aim to spread abroad understanding of Ahmadiyah, for example by publishing Dutch Language magazine of Correspdentie Blad.
But, at 5 July 1928 Muhammadiyah release prohibiting indoctrination of Ahmadiyah in Muhammadiyah circle, and people of Muhammadiyah who follows the understanding must take a choice: exit from Muhammadiyah or throw away the understanding. As a result Djojosugito and Muhammad Husni were dismissed from membership of Muhammadiyah. Then they found a new movement which name Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia. On 10 December 1928 Movement of Ahmadiyah Indonesia (GAI) founded by Mr. R.Ng.H. Minhajurrahman Djajasugita, and getting a Legal Body No I x at 30 April 19302.
GAI (Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia) is self-supporting of Movement there is no connection of organization’s with Ahmadiyah organizations in the world, including with Ahmadiyah Anjuman Isya'Ati Islam Lahore. If any relationship it is just spiritually aspect. 2
By going into effect Law No 8 at year 1985 about social organization, considerate organization social of have to Five Principles (Pancasila) view, hence GAI also have Pancasila view. Organization of GAI has been announced in Official Gazette Republic of Indonesia at 28 November 1986 No 95 Enclosure Number 35. And also have the included in Organizational List of Social in National Scope which enlist in Domestic Department (see: SUARA KARYA at 9 August 1994), Page VIII, at: D. Agama, 10).
In executing its mission activity, GAI have published one hundred religion books title in Dutch Language, Java and Indonesia. They are also founded a formal education institute was called by Institution Teacher Islam Republic Of Indonesia ( PIRI) inYogyakarta. And in various areas, carrying out education) start kindergarten School level until College.
Some books were published in Indonesia, such us; Al Qur’an Terjemah by HOS Cokroaminoto trust with Ahmadiyah scholars. Maulana Muhammad Ali books; Introduction to the Study of the Holy Quran also was translated to bahasa by title “Islamologi,”,. Islamologi is one book which becomes a reference to study a new perspective toward Islam. Suwarno books, science modern theory and relevancy to Tauhid at 1960. Religion of Islam

B.2 Ahmadiyah Qadiyan.
Different with Lahore Groups, Ahmadiyah Qadiyan was spread in Indonesia by invinite of Indonesian Scholar. Some of Sumatra Tawalib student was studied Ahmadiyah teaching in India. They are Abubakar Ayyub, Ahmad Nuruddin, dan Zaini Dahlan, whose was studied directly.
They are Sumatera Tawalib student, an Islamic School from west Sumatera. At the beginning they wanted to go to Egypt because at that time Cairo became the centre of Islamic Studies. But their teacher recommended them to go to India because India began the centre of Islamic modernization. Finally they decided to go to India. In India they met Anjuman Isyaati Islam or well known as Ahmadiyah Lahore. After living for several time in India, they wanted to know the centre of Ahmadiyah in small village namely Qadian. They got much information about it and then they declared as Ahmadiyah follower under the Hadrat Khalifatul Masih II, that is Hadrat Mirza Basyiruddin Mahmud Ahmad. They also studied in Ahmadiyah Islamic School, now we call it as Jamiah Ahmadiyah. Even, two years latter, they asked Khalifah Al Masih II for come and teach “Ahmadiyah” to Indonesia.
Therefore, Ahmadiyah Qadiyan was sent Maulana Rahmat Ali. He departed from India on 17 August and arrived in Tapaktuan, Aceh on 2 October 1925. Then he went to Padang, West Sumatera. At that time many scholars and villagers declared as Ahmadiyah followers. One year latter, Jemaat Ahmadiyah was founded in Padang, west Sumatra. In fact, before teach in Padang, Rahmat Ali was teaching Ahmadiyah in Aceh, but he was getting deduction from Ulama and Governor in there.
In west Sumatra, Ahmadiyah was developed, although getting some deduction from such Ulama as; H. Rasul and HAMKA. On 1931, Maulana Rahmat Ali goes to Jakarta. The development of Ahmadiyah was spread quickly. Some Intellectual figures, scholars, and the popular figure were followed to Ahmadiyah. In Jakarta the Managing Committee of Ahmadiyah was founded and R. Muhyiddin as first Chief (principal) of this organization. Ahmadiyah was growth more quickly in Jakara. Hadhrat Khalifatul Masih II also delivers some missioner, and some Indonesian students which learn in Qadian came back to Indonesia.
But this growth was having struggle. Indonesian Muslim traditional scholar and also modernist, continue to attack and oppose. Many debate of opening happened between Ahmadiyah and other Islam Muslim scholar, and biggest is executed in Jakarta in the year 1933. At least, early Ahmadiyah teaching have several times happened debate between Ahmadiyah with other Islam figures. Like debate of Tapaktuan 1925, Debate of Padang 1926, Bogor 1932, Bandung 1933 and Debate of Batavia at 1933 ago. 3
Two On 17 August 1945, Indonesians got their independence day. Ahmadiyaj had important role in independence struggling from the colonizer. Among of their figure is R. Muhyiddin who killed by Dutch army in 1946 because he regarded as one of the independence struggler of Indonesia. The others are Abdul Wahid and Ahmad Nuruddin. They are as radio broadcaster who delivered independence messages to the over the world. The other figure is Sayyid Syah Muhammad. He is one of the important figures till Sukarno gave him a present because of his dedication to the nation.
In 1953 Ahmadiyah got legalization from the minister of justice by releasing the rule RI. NO. JA. 5/23/13 on 13 March 1953. Since that time, Ahmadiyah became society organization in Indonesia. Ahmadiyah never took part in politic even though at that time the politic preference is so high. Political conflict is unavoidable till the downfall of Sukarno. This incident took many victims. One of them is Arif Rahman Hakim, the student of Indonesia University. According some article of Ahmadiyah fololower claimed him as Ahmadiyah follower. He became the symbol of new era at that time. So he got appreciation as Ampera struggler.
But in 1974 Ahmadiyah as if got the disaster when Rabithah Alam al-Islami and MUI stated that Ahmadiyah is non-muslim. The effect is Ahmadiyah mosques destruction. And the followers also got physical attack.
However Ahmadiyah quickly developed in 1990 together with Muslim Television Ahmadiyah (MTA) launching. Moreover when East Timor refugee were flooding Indonesia area after sounding out opinion that East Timor wanted to separated from Indonesia, it gave opportunity to Khuddamul Ahmadiyah Council of Indonesia to sent Khalq Submission Team for having submission together.

C. Way of mission to Teaching Ahmadiyah
Ahmadiyah struggle just for advocating and broadcasting final Islam of this epoch pass five branch activity of Islam mission which have been marked with lines by “Mujaddid” in book of Fathi Islam ( 1893), that is:
(1) Compiling, compositions and publishing books
(2) Broadcasting communiqués and brochures then continued with discussion and clarification,
(3) Direct Communications with visited each another, performing a ceremony and discourses of Religious science.
(4) Correspondence with them which searching or refusing the truth of Islam, and
(5) Beat., by become Ahmadiyah follower

D. Religious advices, Enjoinment, and Governmental Attitude
Understanding of Ahmadiyah in fact have got various deviation since early its spreading in Indonesia Though about ossifying is specially addressed to Ahmadiyah Qadiyan, but as said above, Ahmadiyah Lahore even also get hard response, specially from circle of Muhammadiyah latter.
But, after all as venomous reaction to Ahmadiyah by that time, that disagreement do not realized in acting hardness, but in the form of discussion and debate. After some years, act hardness as expression of disagree to teaching of Ahmadiyah was happen, especially stream of Qadiyan, it is newly pop out at era 1980. At that era, MUI release religious advices about understanding of Ahmadiyah Qadiyan " outside Islam, errant, and mislead" passing Deliberation National second in Jakarta on 26 May - 1 June 1980. Hardness action explode out, for example in Cianjur, West Java (March 1984), in Garut, West Java (1988), in Kerinci, Jambi (1989), for criticizing understanding of Ahmadiyah.
Though Religious advices of MUI 1980 and Director General of Bimas Islam and Haji explicitly addressed to Ahmadiyah Qadiyan. But through Munas ke-7 of 26-29 July 2005, MUI release coherent containing new religious advices return about " as errant as" understanding of Ahmadiyah, and shall no differentiate between two group of Ahmadiyah, namely Qadiyan and of Lahore.
That Ambiguity of governmental attitude could probably comprehend as mirror of complexity which must face. That complex problem was showed, if we analyze Ahmadiyah of differences side between two growing in it. This exposition to see difference among both in their history especially in Indonesia, although possible not yet is complete.


Bibliography

*. Prof. Ir. Faturakhman Ahmadi Djojosugito, M.Sc (Ketua Umum PB Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia) sekarang.

· "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyyah
· http://www.ahmadiyya.or.id (Jema’at Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Qadian)
· http://www.ahmadiyah.org/ (gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Lahore)
· http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html
· "Bukan Sekedar Hitam Putih. Hal 1
· SKB Ahmadiyah diterbitkan. BBCIndonesia.com.
· http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp?id=319274&kat_id=3
· http://www.mui.or.id/mui_in/fatwa.php?id=33

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